Nutrition research library

• All 214
• Human clinical studies 14
• Meta-analyses 33
• Systematic reviews 25
• Randomised controlled trials 22
• Mechanism studies 19
• Safety studies 27
• Body composition 12
• Performance 16
• Longevity 19
• Metabolic health 15
• Gut health 12
• Contests the consensus 21

214 papers

• Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.

  Hall · Cell metabolism · 2019 · PMID 31105044

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Two four-week inpatient diets matched for calories, sugar, fat, fibre and macronutrients; participants ate around 500 kcal/day more on the ultra-processed arm and gained weight.

• Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial.

  Longland · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2016 · PMID 26817506

  TrialHuman research

  Under an identical energy deficit with intense training, the higher-protein arm gained more lean mass and lost more fat than the lower-protein arm.

• Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity.

  Nedeltcheva · Annals of internal medicine · 2010 · PMID 20921542

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  The same calorie deficit produced a very different composition of loss when sleep was cut to 5.5 hours: less fat, more lean tissue.

• Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans.

  Levine · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 1999 · PMID 9880251

  TrialHuman research

  Volunteers overfed by 1,000 kcal/day for eight weeks varied ten-fold in fat gained, and the variance tracked spontaneous non-exercise movement.

• Daily energy expenditure through the human life course.

  Pontzer · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021 · PMID 34385400

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Doubly-labelled-water data on more than 6,400 people, reporting how total energy expenditure actually changes across the lifespan.

• A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults.

  Morton · British journal of sports medicine · 2018 · PMID 28698222

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Forty-nine studies pooled; protein supplementation augmented resistance-training gains in lean mass and strength, with the benefit plateauing above roughly 1.6 g/kg/day.

• Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Schoenfeld · Journal of sports sciences · 2017 · PMID 27433992

  Meta-analysis

  A dose-response relationship between weekly resistance-training set volume and muscle growth, pooled across studies.

• Effects of Varying Protein Amounts and Types on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Guarneiri · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024 · PMID 39486625

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Pooled controlled feeding data quantifying how much of the thermic effect of food is attributable to protein amount and type.

• Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.

  Aune · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2016 · PMID 27301975

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Dose-response pooling of prospective cohorts relating whole-grain intake to cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality.

• Protein leverage and energy intake.

  Gosby · Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2014 · PMID 24588967

  Meta-analysis

  Pooled trial data testing whether energy intake rises as dietary protein is diluted — the evidence base for protein and satiety.

• Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127 477 Participants.

  Hu · Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019 · PMID 31567003

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Thirteen randomised trials of marine omega-3 supplementation pooled against cardiovascular endpoints — the counterweight to single-trial reporting in either direction.

• Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

  Reynolds · Lancet (London, England) · 2019 · PMID 30638909

  Meta-analysis

  The Lancet series commissioned for the WHO carbohydrate guidance, pooling cohorts and trials across fibre and whole-grain intake.

• The Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Middle-Aged to Older Adults with or without Existing Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Hanach · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019 · PMID 30624580

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Dairy protein and muscle mass, strength and physical performance in middle-aged and older adults, searched to protocol.

• The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Human Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies.

  Marx · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021 · PMID 33873204

  ReviewFree full text

  An umbrella review of meta-analyses linking a validated dietary inflammatory score to chronic disease outcomes — and a fair statement of how much of it is observational.

• Effect of alternate-day fasting on obesity and cardiometabolic risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Park · Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2020 · PMID 32777443

  Meta-analysis

  Alternate-day fasting pooled against obesity and cardiometabolic risk markers.

• Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.

  Estruch · The New England journal of medicine · 2013 · PMID 23432189

  TrialHuman research

  PREDIMED: around 7,400 people at high cardiovascular risk randomised to a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts, or a control diet, with cardiovascular events as the endpoint.

• Calorie Restriction with or without Time-Restricted Eating in Weight Loss.

  Liu · The New England journal of medicine · 2022 · PMID 35443107

  TrialHuman research

  Calorie restriction with or without a restricted eating window over twelve months; both arms lost weight, and the window itself added no detectable advantage.

• Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Lowe · JAMA internal medicine · 2020 · PMID 32986097

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  The TREAT trial: a 16:8 eating window versus three structured meals, with weight and metabolic parameters measured rather than self-reported.

• Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease.

  Manson · The New England journal of medicine · 2019 · PMID 30415629

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  VITAL: nearly 26,000 adults randomised to vitamin D or placebo, powered for cancer and cardiovascular endpoints.

• Trial of the MIND Diet for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons.

  Barnes · The New England journal of medicine · 2023 · PMID 37466280

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  A three-year randomised trial of the MIND diet against a control diet for cognitive decline in older adults.

• Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men.

  Moore · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2009 · PMID 19056590

  TrialHuman research

  The dose-response study behind the "how much protein per meal" question: egg protein from 0 to 40 g after resistance exercise, with synthesis measured directly.

• Consumption of whole eggs promotes greater stimulation of postexercise muscle protein synthesis than consumption of isonitrogenous amounts of egg whites in young men.

  van · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28978542

  TrialHuman research

  Whole eggs against an equal-protein amount of egg whites after resistance exercise: the whole egg group synthesised more muscle protein, despite the identical protein dose — evidence that something beyond the protein grams in the yolk matters here.

• Leucine and mTORC1: a complex relationship.

  Dodd · American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2012 · PMID 22354780

  ReviewHuman research

  How leucine is sensed by mTORC1, and why the relationship is less direct than the popular account of it.

• Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling.

  Drummond · Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2009 · PMID 19150856

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  How feeding and muscle contraction each converge on the same signalling pathway to switch on human muscle protein synthesis.

• From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites.

  Koh · Cell · 2016 · PMID 27259147

  ReviewHuman research

  The route from fermentable fibre to host physiology via short-chain fatty acids produced by gut bacteria.

• Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT).

  Levine · Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · 2002 · PMID 12468415

  ReviewHuman research

  The original characterisation of non-exercise activity thermogenesis, the most variable component of daily energy expenditure.

• Adaptive thermogenesis in humans.

  Rosenbaum · International journal of obesity (2005) · 2010 · PMID 20935667

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The physiology of adaptive thermogenesis: why energy expenditure falls by more than the loss of tissue alone predicts.

• Changes in Kidney Function Do Not Differ between Healthy Adults Consuming Higher- Compared with Lower- or Normal-Protein Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Devries · The Journal of nutrition · 2018 · PMID 30383278

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Pooled trial data finding no difference in measured kidney function between healthy adults on higher versus lower protein intakes.

• Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Events Related to Dietary Supplements.

  Geller · The New England journal of medicine · 2015 · PMID 26465986

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Emergency-department surveillance across 63 hospitals estimating US visits attributable to dietary supplement adverse events.

• International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine.

  Kreider · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28615996

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The ISSN position stand reviewing the creatine literature, including the long-term safety record.

• Safety of two-year caloric restriction in non-obese healthy individuals.

  Romashkan · Oncotarget · 2016 · PMID 26992237

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Adverse-event and safety monitoring from two years of sustained 25% calorie restriction in healthy non-obese adults.

• International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition.

  Aragon · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28630601

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The ISSN position stand on diets and body composition — the closest thing the field has to a consensus statement on what distinguishes approaches.

• Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity.

  Hall · Cell metabolism · 2015 · PMID 26278052

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  A metabolic-ward study in which, calorie for calorie, restricting fat produced more body fat loss than restricting carbohydrate.

• Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial.

  Ebbeling · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018 · PMID 30429127

  TrialHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  Reports higher total energy expenditure on low-carbohydrate diets during weight-loss maintenance — a result that cuts against the metabolic-ward findings beside it, and one whose methods have been publicly disputed.

• Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men.

  Hall · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2016 · PMID 27385608

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  A four-week isocaloric ketogenic diet under controlled conditions, measuring energy expenditure and body composition directly.

• Influence of sleep restriction on weight loss outcomes associated with caloric restriction.

  Wang · Sleep · 2018 · PMID 29438540

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  How restricting sleep changes what a calorie deficit does to fat mass versus lean mass.

• International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise.

  Jäger · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28642676

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The ISSN position stand on protein and exercise: intake ranges, timing and distribution, referenced throughout.

• International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing.

  Kerksick · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28919842

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The ISSN position stand on nutrient timing, including a candid account of how much of the "anabolic window" survives scrutiny.

• Carbohydrates for training and competition.

  Burke · Journal of sports sciences · 2011 · PMID 21660838

  ReviewHuman research

  Burke and colleagues on carbohydrate availability for training and competition — the basis of periodised fuelling.

• Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion.

  Alghannam · Nutrients · 2018 · PMID 29473893

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Post-exercise glycogen restoration and the conditions under which adding protein to carbohydrate changes the rate.

• International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.

  Guest · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021 · PMID 33388079

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The ISSN position stand on caffeine and exercise performance.

• Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? No.

  Noakes · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026 · PMID 42070892

  StudyHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  The dissenting half of a formal published debate, arguing that low-carbohydrate diets do not impair endurance performance. Included because the debate is live and the consensus position is stated elsewhere in this section.

• Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

  Rees · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019 · PMID 30864165

  Meta-analysisFree full textContests the consensus

  A Cochrane review finding the evidence for Mediterranean-style diets less certain than the headline trials are usually taken to show — the cautious counterweight to PREDIMED.

• Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population.

  Levine · Cell metabolism · 2014 · PMID 24606898

  StudyHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  A cohort analysis associating higher protein intake with higher mortality in adults aged 50–65, and the reverse in the over-65s. It sits against the protein recommendations elsewhere here, and it is observational.

• Effects of 2 years of caloric restriction on oxidative status assessed by urinary F2-isoprostanes: The CALERIE 2 randomized clinical trial.

  Il'yasova · Aging cell · 2018 · PMID 29424490

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Oxidative-stress markers after two years of sustained calorie restriction in the CALERIE randomised trial.

• Consumption of whole grains and refined grains and associated risk of cardiovascular disease events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

  Hu · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023 · PMID 36789934

  Meta-analysis

  Whole grains against refined grains, pooled for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.

• Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world's longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span.

  Willcox · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2007 · PMID 17986602

  StudyHuman research

  Sets out the argument that the traditional Okinawan diet — low in calories and built on sweet potato and vegetables — together with the island’s high prevalence of centenarians supports the caloric-restriction hypothesis of ageing, while noting no long-term epidemiologic test of it had then been done.

• Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study.

  Poulain · Experimental gerontology · 2004 · PMID 15489066

  StudyHuman research

  Used validated birth and death records to identify a mountainous inland zone of Sardinia with an exceptional concentration of male centenarians — the demographic study that established one of the original longevity “blue zones”.

• Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2.

  Orlich · JAMA internal medicine · 2013 · PMID 23836264

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  A prospective cohort of Seventh-day Adventists — the Loma Linda population — reporting an association between vegetarian dietary patterns and lower all-cause mortality.

• Blue Zones: Lessons From the World's Longest Lived.

  Buettner · American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2016 · PMID 30202288

  ReviewFree full text

  A review by the concept’s originators distilling the shared lifestyle and dietary characteristics — largely plant-based, minimally processed eating among them — observed across the five regions popularised as “blue zones”.

• Obesity Energetics: Body Weight Regulation and the Effects of Diet Composition.

  Hall · Gastroenterology · 2017 · PMID 28193517

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Hall and Guo on obesity energetics: what diet composition does and does not change once energy intake is accounted for.

• Changes in Energy Expenditure with Weight Gain and Weight Loss in Humans.

  Müller · Current obesity reports · 2016 · PMID 27739007

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  How measured energy expenditure changes with weight gain and weight loss, and how much of that change is adaptive.

• Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

  Teong · Nature medicine · 2023 · PMID 37024596

  TrialHuman research

  Intermittent fasting with early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at metabolic risk.

• Effectiveness of Early Time-Restricted Eating for Weight Loss, Fat Loss, and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Jamshed · JAMA internal medicine · 2022 · PMID 35939311

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Early time-restricted eating tested for weight, fat loss and cardiometabolic health.

• Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain.

  Greenway · International journal of obesity (2005) · 2015 · PMID 25896063

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  The physiological adaptations that follow weight loss and favour regain — the mechanism behind why maintenance is harder than loss.

• Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status.

  Wastyk · Cell · 2021 · PMID 34256014

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  A randomised trial comparing high-fibre and high-fermented-food diets; the fermented-food arm increased microbiota diversity and lowered inflammatory markers.

• Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease.

  Mukhopadhya · Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025 · PMID 40360779

  ReviewHuman research

  A current review of short-chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease.

• The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication.

  Dalile · Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2019 · PMID 31123355

  ReviewHuman research

  Short-chain fatty acids as signalling molecules along the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

• Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

  Parada · Frontiers in immunology · 2019 · PMID 30915065

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  How short-chain fatty acids regulate the gut epithelium and immune system, and what that means for inflammatory bowel disease.

• A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group.

  Appel · The New England journal of medicine · 1997 · PMID 9099655

  TrialHuman research

  Controlled feeding trial in 459 adults comparing a typical American diet, a fruit-and-vegetable diet and a combination diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy, reporting the largest blood pressure reductions in the combination arm at constant body weight and sodium intake.

• Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group.

  Sacks · The New England journal of medicine · 2001 · PMID 11136953

  TrialHuman research

  Factorial feeding trial testing three sodium levels within either a control or DASH dietary pattern, reporting stepwise falls in systolic blood pressure as sodium fell and an additive effect when the two interventions were combined.

• Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses.

  Zeevi · Cell · 2015 · PMID 26590418

  TrialHuman research

  Continuous glucose monitoring in 800 people showed that postprandial glycaemic responses to identical meals varied widely between individuals, and a machine-learning algorithm using microbiome and clinical features predicted those responses better than carbohydrate counting.

• Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition.

  Berry · Nature medicine · 2020 · PMID 32528151

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  The PREDICT 1 study measured postprandial lipaemic, glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to standardised meals in over a thousand twins and unrelated adults, reporting large between-person variability and only modest heritability for most responses.

• Impaired insulin signaling in human adipocytes after experimental sleep restriction: a randomized, crossover study.

  Broussard · Annals of internal medicine · 2012 · PMID 23070488

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Randomised crossover study in healthy young adults that biopsied subcutaneous fat after four nights of restricted versus normal sleep and reported reduced insulin signalling in adipocytes alongside lower whole-body insulin sensitivity.

• Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism.

  Allison · Current biology : CB · 2021 · PMID 33259790

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Randomised crossover inpatient study comparing daytime with delayed eating schedules on identical intakes, reporting differences in weight, energy expenditure timing and fasting substrate use.

• Impact of sleep restriction on metabolic outcomes induced by overfeeding: a randomized controlled trial in healthy individuals.

  Cros · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019 · PMID 30615104

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised controlled trial in healthy adults combining short-term overfeeding with either restricted or adequate sleep, examining how sleep loss modified the metabolic consequences of the energy surplus.

• Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Landry · JAMA network open · 2023 · PMID 38032644

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Randomised trial in 22 pairs of identical twins assigned to a healthy vegan or a healthy omnivorous diet for eight weeks, reporting differences in LDL cholesterol, fasting insulin and body weight between the arms.

• Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.

  Siri-Tarino · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2010 · PMID 20071648

  Meta-analysisFree full textContests the consensus

  Pooled 21 prospective cohorts and reported no significant association between saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease or stroke, a result widely cited against the conventional saturated-fat-and-heart-disease position and heavily criticised for not modelling replacement nutrients.

• Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

  de · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015 · PMID 26268692

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies on saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids, reporting no clear association for saturated fat with mortality or cardiovascular outcomes but positive associations for industrial trans fats.

• Whole Grain Intake and Mortality From All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

  Zong · Circulation · 2016 · PMID 27297341

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis of prospective cohorts examining whole grain intake against all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, reporting inverse dose-response associations across the intake range studied.

• Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

  Qin · European journal of epidemiology · 2020 · PMID 32529512

  Meta-analysis

  Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohorts comparing sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages against obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and all-cause mortality.

• Associations of Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Cholesterol, and Egg Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis.

  Zhao · Circulation · 2022 · PMID 35360933

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and updated meta-analysis separating dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol and egg consumption in their associations with overall and cause-specific mortality.

• Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

  Cioffi · Journal of translational medicine · 2018 · PMID 30583725

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis of randomised trials directly comparing intermittent with continuous energy restriction, reporting broadly similar weight loss and cardiometabolic change between the two approaches.

• Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968-73).

  Ramsden · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2016 · PMID 27071971

  Meta-analysisFree full textContests the consensus

  Recovered and reanalysed unpublished data from the Minnesota Coronary Experiment, reporting that replacing saturated fat with linoleic acid lowered serum cholesterol but did not reduce mortality, with greater mortality among older participants achieving larger cholesterol reductions.

• Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis.

  Ramsden · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2013 · PMID 23386268

  Meta-analysisFree full textContests the consensus

  Recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study plus an updated meta-analysis, reporting higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in men assigned to increase linoleic acid intake for secondary prevention.

• Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.

  Hooper · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020 · PMID 32827219

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Cochrane review of long-duration randomised trials of reduced saturated fat intake, reporting a reduction in combined cardiovascular events but little clear effect on all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, with effect size tracking the degree of cholesterol lowering.

• Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

  Abdelhamid · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020 · PMID 32114706

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Cochrane review of omega-3 supplementation trials for primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, reporting little or no effect of long-chain omega-3 on mortality or cardiovascular events at moderate-to-high certainty.

• Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the Nutritional Recommendations (NutriRECS) Consortium.

  Johnston · Annals of internal medicine · 2019 · PMID 31569235

  ReviewContests the consensus

  The NutriRECS consortium applied GRADE to the red and processed meat evidence base and issued a weak recommendation that adults continue current consumption, a conclusion that broke sharply with prevailing dietary guidance and drew formal objections from several nutrition bodies.

• Vitamin and Mineral Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

  O'Connor · JAMA · 2022 · PMID 35727272

  ReviewFree full text

  Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force on vitamin and mineral supplements for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, finding little benefit overall and harm signals for beta-carotene.

• Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity.

  Garegnani · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026 · PMID 41692034

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Cochrane review of intermittent fasting regimens in adults with overweight or obesity, synthesising randomised evidence on weight and cardiometabolic outcomes against continuous restriction and usual diet comparators.

• Nutritional interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older people: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

  Gielen · Nutrition reviews · 2021 · PMID 32483625

  Meta-analysis

  Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of nutritional interventions targeting muscle mass, strength and physical performance in older people, grading the strength of evidence across supplement categories.

• Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses.

  Reynolds · PLoS medicine · 2020 · PMID 32142510

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analyses commissioned to inform diabetes nutrition guidance, examining dietary fibre and whole grain intake against glycaemic control, mortality and cardiovascular endpoints in people with diabetes.

• Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Gardner · JAMA · 2018 · PMID 29466592

  TrialHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  The DIETFITS trial randomised 609 adults to a healthy low-fat or healthy low-carbohydrate diet for 12 months and found no significant difference in weight change, and no modification of that result by the prespecified genotype pattern or by baseline insulin secretion.

• Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

  Tuomilehto · The New England journal of medicine · 2001 · PMID 11333990

  TrialHuman research

  The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study randomised adults with impaired glucose tolerance to individualised lifestyle counselling or control and reported a substantially lower cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes in the intervention arm.

• Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes.

  Look · The New England journal of medicine · 2013 · PMID 23796131

  TrialHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  Look AHEAD randomised over 5,000 adults with type 2 diabetes to intensive lifestyle intervention or support and education, and was stopped for futility after the intervention produced sustained weight loss but no reduction in cardiovascular events.

• Dietary Patterns, Sodium Reduction, and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes: The DASH4D Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Pilla · JAMA internal medicine · 2025 · PMID 40489102

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  The DASH4D feeding trial tested DASH-style and comparison dietary patterns at two sodium levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, reporting the resulting differences in blood pressure.

• Time-Restricted Eating Without Calorie Counting for Weight Loss in a Racially Diverse Population : A Randomized Controlled Trial.

  Lin · Annals of internal medicine · 2023 · PMID 37364268

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Randomised controlled trial of eight-hour time-restricted eating without calorie counting versus control eating in a racially diverse adult population, reporting the weight change achieved over the intervention period.

• The Effect of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Weight Loss at 12 Months : A Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Catenacci · Annals of internal medicine · 2025 · PMID 40163873

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Randomised trial comparing 4:3 intermittent fasting with daily caloric restriction, both within a comprehensive behavioural programme, reporting weight change at 12 months.

• Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.

  Manson · The New England journal of medicine · 2019 · PMID 30415637

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  The VITAL trial randomised nearly 26,000 adults to marine n-3 fatty acids or placebo and reported no significant reduction in the primary endpoints of major cardiovascular events or invasive cancer.

• Low-fat dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.

  Prentice · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28515068

  TrialHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  Long-term results of the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification trial, in which a low-fat eating pattern did not significantly reduce coronary heart disease or overall cardiovascular disease, a null finding often cited against low-fat dietary policy.

• mTOR as a central hub of nutrient signalling and cell growth.

  Kim · Nature cell biology · 2019 · PMID 30602761

  ReviewHuman research

  Review of mTOR as the integrating node for amino acid, growth factor and energy signals, describing how mTORC1 and mTORC2 couple nutrient availability to protein synthesis, autophagy and cell growth.

• AMPK: guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis.

  Herzig · Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2018 · PMID 28974774

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Review of AMP-activated protein kinase as a cellular energy sensor, covering its activation by falling energy charge and its downstream control of catabolic flux, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy.

• Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity.

  Green · Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2022 · PMID 34518687

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Review of the molecular pathways through which dietary restriction is proposed to extend health and lifespan, including nutrient-sensing kinases, autophagy, and sirtuin and growth hormone signalling.

• Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions.

  Longo · Cell · 2022 · PMID 35487190

  ReviewFree full text

  Cell review linking nutrient-sensing mechanisms to ageing biology and chronic disease, spanning macronutrient composition, fasting regimens and their molecular effectors across model organisms and human studies.

• The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism.

  den · Journal of lipid research · 2013 · PMID 23821742

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Review of short-chain fatty acid production by colonic fermentation and the receptor and substrate pathways by which acetate, propionate and butyrate act on host energy metabolism.

• Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome.

  Chassaing · Nature · 2015 · PMID 25731162

  StudyFree full text

  Mouse study reporting that dietary emulsifiers carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate 80 altered microbiota composition and mucus layer thickness, promoting low-grade inflammation, colitis in susceptible animals and metabolic syndrome features.

• Moderating "the great debate": The carbohydrate-insulin vs. the energy balance models of obesity.

  Flier · Cell metabolism · 2023 · PMID 37086719

  ReviewHuman researchContests the consensus

  Cell Metabolism piece setting the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity against the energy balance model, laying out where the two frameworks make divergent predictions and where the human evidence currently sits — an open scientific dispute rather than a settled question.

• Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements.

  Navarro · Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2017 · PMID 27677775

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Review of hepatotoxicity attributed to herbal and dietary supplements, drawing on prospective drug-induced liver injury registries to describe implicated product categories, clinical patterns and diagnostic difficulty.

• The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers.

  Alpha-Tocopherol, · The New England journal of medicine · 1994 · PMID 8127329

  TrialHuman research

  The ATBC trial randomised male smokers to alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene, both or placebo and reported a higher incidence of lung cancer in those receiving beta carotene.

• Association between β-carotene supplementation and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

  Zhang · Nutrition reviews · 2023 · PMID 36715090

  Meta-analysis

  Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of beta-carotene supplementation examining cancer incidence overall and by site, quantifying the excess risk concentrated in smokers and asbestos-exposed participants.

• Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children.

  Wikoff · Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2017 · PMID 28438661

  Review

  Systematic review of the evidence on adverse effects of caffeine across healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents and children, covering cardiovascular, behavioural, reproductive and bone outcomes.

• Supplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults.

  LeBoff · The New England journal of medicine · 2022 · PMID 35939577

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Ancillary analysis of the VITAL trial reporting that supplemental vitamin D3 did not reduce incident total, non-vertebral or hip fractures in generally vitamin-D-replete midlife and older adults.

• Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015.

  Hew-Butler · Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine · 2015 · PMID 26102445

  StudyHuman research

  Third international consensus statement on exercise-associated hyponatraemia, summarising the pathophysiology, risk factors and recognition of dilutional hyponatraemia arising from excessive fluid intake during endurance events.

• Effect of Two-Year Caloric Restriction on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Non-Obese Younger Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

  Villareal · Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2016 · PMID 26332798

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Two-year randomised CALERIE analysis reporting that sustained caloric restriction in non-obese younger adults was accompanied by changes in bone turnover markers and reductions in bone mineral density at several sites.

• Risk assessment of energy drinks with focus on cardiovascular parameters and energy drink consumption in Europe.

  Ehlers · Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2019 · PMID 31112702

  ReviewHuman research

  Risk assessment of caffeinated energy drinks focused on cardiovascular parameters, combining consumption survey data from Europe with the reported physiological effects of the products' ingredient combinations.

• Synergistic Effect of Increased Total Protein Intake and Strength Training on Muscle Strength: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

  Tagawa · Sports medicine - open · 2022 · PMID 36057893

  ReviewFree full text

  Dose-response meta-analysis of randomised trials examining how increases in total protein intake interact with strength training to affect muscle strength gains, and where the added benefit of higher intake flattens out.

• Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength Gains in Adults <50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Wang · Nutrients · 2024 · PMID 39519498

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in adults under 50, quantifying the additional strength gain over training alone.

• Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women.

  Leidy · Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2007 · PMID 17299116

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised trial in pre-obese and obese women comparing higher- with standard-protein energy-restricted diets, reporting greater retention of lean mass and higher reported satiety at matched weight loss.

• Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplementation during Resistance Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Older People with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Cuyul-Vásquez · Nutrients · 2023 · PMID 37571361

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of whey protein supplementation alongside resistance exercise training in older people with sarcopenia, examining changes in skeletal muscle mass and strength.

• Effects of Timing and Types of Protein Supplementation on Improving Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis.

  Zhou · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2024 · PMID 38039960

  StudyHuman research

  Network meta-analysis comparing protein supplement types and ingestion timing in adults undergoing resistance training, ranking their effects on muscle mass, strength and physical performance.

• Physiology of weight regain: Lessons from the classic Minnesota Starvation Experiment on human body composition regulation.

  Dulloo · Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021 · PMID 33543573

  ReviewHuman research

  Review revisiting the Minnesota Starvation Experiment data to describe how loss of fat and lean mass, hyperphagia during refeeding and altered energy expenditure interact in the physiology of weight regain.

• Describing the Weight-Reduced State: Physiology, Behavior, and Interventions.

  Aronne · Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2021 · PMID 33759395

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Conference report characterising the weight-reduced state, drawing together the metabolic, endocrine and behavioural adaptations that persist after weight loss and the interventions studied against them.

• 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).

  Mountjoy · British journal of sports medicine · 2023 · PMID 37752011

  StudyHuman research

  2023 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, updating the model of low energy availability and its documented effects across endocrine, bone, immune, cardiovascular and performance domains.

• The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Southward · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018 · PMID 29876876

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute caffeine ingestion trials on endurance performance, quantifying the pooled improvement and examining variability across protocols and populations.

• β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Saunders · British journal of sports medicine · 2017 · PMID 27797728

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of beta-alanine supplementation trials, reporting where the ergogenic effect concentrates by exercise duration and identifying substantial heterogeneity across study designs.

• Dietary Nitrate and Physical Performance.

  Jones · Annual review of nutrition · 2018 · PMID 30130468

  StudyHuman research

  Annual Review of Nutrition review of dietary nitrate and physical performance, covering the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, oral microbial reduction, and the exercise contexts in which effects have and have not been observed.

• Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Grgic · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018 · PMID 29527137

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of caffeine trials measuring maximal muscle strength and power output rather than endurance, reporting the pooled effect on each.

• Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.

  Wang · Journal of sport and health science · 2024 · PMID 38158179

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review with meta-analysis testing whether CYP1A2 genotype moderates caffeine's ergogenic effect, reporting no consistent genotype dependence across the pooled trials.

• Dietary Nitrate and Nitric Oxide Metabolism: Mouth, Circulation, Skeletal Muscle, and Exercise Performance.

  Jones · Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2021 · PMID 32735111

  ReviewHuman research

  Review tracing dietary nitrate through oral bacterial reduction, circulation and skeletal muscle storage, and mapping those steps onto the measured effects on oxygen cost and exercise performance.

• Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys.

  Colman · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2009 · PMID 19590001

  StudyFree full text

  Twenty-year Wisconsin study reporting that caloric restriction in adult rhesus monkeys delayed the onset of age-related disease and reduced age-related deaths relative to control-fed animals.

• Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study.

  Mattison · Nature · 2012 · PMID 22932268

  StudyHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  The parallel National Institute on Aging rhesus monkey study found that caloric restriction improved several health markers but did not significantly extend survival, a null result that directly contradicted the Wisconsin findings and reopened the primate caloric restriction question.

• Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys.

  Mattison · Nature communications · 2017 · PMID 28094793

  StudyFree full text

  Joint reanalysis of the Wisconsin and NIA rhesus monkey cohorts examining how age at onset, diet composition and feeding protocol explained the divergent survival results between the two studies.

• Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, Carbohydrate Quality, and Healthy Aging in Women.

  Ardisson · JAMA network open · 2025 · PMID 40377936

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Prospective cohort analysis in women relating midlife carbohydrate intake and carbohydrate quality to the odds of reaching older age free of major chronic disease and cognitive or physical impairment.

• Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality.

  Song · JAMA internal medicine · 2016 · PMID 27479196

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Analysis of two large US cohorts examining animal and plant protein intake against all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including substitution models and stratification by lifestyle risk factors.

• Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis.

  Seidelmann · The Lancet. Public health · 2018 · PMID 30122560

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  ARIC cohort analysis plus meta-analysis reporting a U-shaped relation between carbohydrate share of energy and mortality, with risk at low-carbohydrate intakes differing according to whether animal or plant foods replaced the carbohydrate.

• Animal and plant protein usual intakes are not adversely associated with all-cause, cardiovascular disease-, or cancer-related mortality risk: an NHANES III analysis.

  Papanikolaou · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2025 · PMID 40418846

  StudyHuman researchContests the consensus

  NHANES III analysis reporting that usual animal and plant protein intakes were not adversely associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or cancer mortality, cutting against cohort findings that link higher animal protein intake to increased mortality risk.

• Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study.

  Dehghan · Lancet (London, England) · 2017 · PMID 28864332

  StudyHuman researchContests the consensus

  The PURE cohort across 18 countries reported higher mortality with high carbohydrate intake and lower mortality with higher total and saturated fat intake, a pattern at odds with prevailing guidance and contested on grounds of confounding and the extreme low-fat intakes in poorer regions.

• Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction.

  Imamura · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015 · PMID 26199070

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages and fruit juice against incident type 2 diabetes, with estimation of the population attributable fraction.

• Effect of fructose on markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.

  Chiu · European journal of clinical nutrition · 2014 · PMID 24569542

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials separating isocaloric fructose exchange from hypercaloric fructose addition in their effects on liver fat and hepatic enzyme markers.

• Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Three Large Prospective U.S. Cohort Studies.

  Chen · Diabetes care · 2023 · PMID 36854188

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Analysis of three large prospective US cohorts relating ultra-processed food consumption, and specific processed food subgroups, to incident type 2 diabetes.

• Associations of fat and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality: prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants.

  Ho · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2020 · PMID 32188587

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  UK Biobank prospective analysis examining fat and carbohydrate intake, including saturated fat and fat subtypes, against cardiovascular disease and mortality with substitution modelling.

• The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults.

  Papadaki · Nutrients · 2020 · PMID 33143083

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials of Mediterranean dietary patterns in adults, pooling effects on body weight, glycaemia, lipids and blood pressure.

• Total and specific potato intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three US cohort studies and a substitution meta-analysis of prospective cohorts.

  Mousavi · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025 · PMID 40769531

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Three US cohort studies plus a substitution meta-analysis examining total and preparation-specific potato intake against incident type 2 diabetes, and what happens statistically when potatoes are replaced by other carbohydrate foods.

• Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality.

  Marklund · Circulation · 2019 · PMID 30971107

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Pooled analysis of circulating and tissue biomarkers of linoleic and arachidonic acid across 30 prospective cohorts, reporting inverse or null associations with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality — evidence directly relevant to claims that seed oils drive cardiometabolic harm.

• Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.

  David · Nature · 2014 · PMID 24336217

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Controlled human feeding study showing that switching to entirely animal-based or entirely plant-based diets altered gut microbial community structure and metabolic activity within days, with the animal-based diet increasing bile-tolerant organisms.

• Microbiome connections with host metabolism and habitual diet from 1,098 deeply phenotyped individuals.

  Asnicar · Nature medicine · 2021 · PMID 33432175

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Deep phenotyping of 1,098 individuals in the PREDICT 1 cohort mapping gut microbial species onto habitual diet, blood metabolites and postprandial cardiometabolic markers, identifying microbial panels that tracked diet quality.

• Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer.

  O'Keefe · Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2016 · PMID 27848961

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Nature Reviews synthesis of how dietary substrates reaching the colon are converted by microbes into short-chain fatty acids, bile acid derivatives and protein fermentation products, and how those metabolites relate to colorectal carcinogenesis.

• Gut microbiome modulates the effects of a personalised postprandial-targeting (PPT) diet on cardiometabolic markers: a diet intervention in pre-diabetes.

  Ben-Yacov · Gut · 2023 · PMID 37137684

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Randomised dietary intervention in pre-diabetes comparing a personalised postprandial-targeting diet with a Mediterranean diet, reporting that baseline gut microbiome features modified the cardiometabolic response.

• Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?

  Liu · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2018 · PMID 29438462

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Review examining butyrate's dual behaviour as a colonocyte fuel and histone deacetylase inhibitor, and the conditions under which experimental evidence points toward benefit versus harm.

• Short-term impact of sucralose consumption on the metabolic response and gut microbiome of healthy adults.

  Thomson · The British journal of nutrition · 2019 · PMID 31258108

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised controlled trial of short-term sucralose consumption in healthy adults reporting no detectable change in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity or gut microbiome composition, contrasting with rodent findings that prompted the hypothesis.

• The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.

  Dabke · The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019 · PMID 31573550

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Journal of Clinical Investigation review of the mechanistic links proposed between gut microbial composition, barrier function, microbial metabolites and the components of metabolic syndrome.

• The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials.

  Ho · The British journal of nutrition · 2016 · PMID 27724985

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 randomised trials examining oat beta-glucan intake against LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, reporting reductions in all three markers.

• A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of barley β-glucan on LDL-C, non-HDL-C and apoB for cardiovascular disease risk reduction(i-iv).

  Ho · European journal of clinical nutrition · 2016 · PMID 27273067

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of barley beta-glucan, reporting reductions in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol relative to control diets.

• The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Zurbau · European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021 · PMID 33608654

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of postprandial trials reporting that oat beta-glucan lowered the blood glucose and insulin responses following a meal, with the effect tracking dose and viscosity.

• Meta-analysis indicates that resistant starch lowers serum total cholesterol and low-density cholesterol.

  Yuan · Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2018 · PMID 29914662

  Meta-analysis

  Meta-analysis of randomised trials reporting that resistant starch intake was associated with lower serum total and LDL cholesterol.

• Consumption of sourdough bread and changes in the glycemic control and satiety: A systematic review.

  Rolim · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2024 · PMID 35943419

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review of trials comparing sourdough-fermented bread with conventionally leavened bread on glycaemic response and satiety measures.

• Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

  Wolever · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020 · PMID 31828287

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised controlled trial varying oat beta-glucan viscosity within a breakfast meal, measuring gastric emptying by scintigraphy alongside glycaemic and insulin responses; higher viscosity slowed emptying and blunted both responses.

• Effect of cooling of cooked white rice on resistant starch content and glycemic response.

  Sonia · Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2015 · PMID 26693746

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised trial measuring resistant starch content and glycaemic response after cooked white rice was cooled, reporting higher resistant starch and a lower glycaemic response than the freshly cooked control.

• Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.

  Eriksen · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020 · PMID 32097450

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised controlled trial in men with metabolic syndrome comparing whole-grain wheat, rye and lignan supplementation against refined grain, measuring cardiometabolic risk factors.

• Impact of anthocyanin-rich black rice consumption on cognitive function, inflammation and microvascular function in older adults: a crossover intervention trial.

  Mekhora · Food & function · 2026 · PMID 41528201

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised controlled trial of anthocyanin-rich black rice consumption measuring cognitive function, inflammatory markers and microvascular function.

• Effects of oatmeal and corn flakes cereal breakfasts on satiety, gastric emptying, glucose, and appetite-related hormones.

  Geliebter · Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 2015 · PMID 25612907

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised crossover trial comparing oatmeal with an equal-calorie corn flakes breakfast, measuring satiety, gastric emptying, glucose and appetite-regulating hormones.

• Revisiting phytate-element interactions: implications for iron, zinc and calcium bioavailability, with emphasis on legumes.

  Zhang · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2022 · PMID 33190514

  Review

  Review of how phytate binds iron, zinc and calcium in the gut and what that means for the fraction of those minerals actually absorbed from plant foods.

• Can sprouting reduce phytate and improve the nutritional composition and nutrient bioaccessibility in cereals and legumes?

  Elliott · Nutrition bulletin · 2022 · PMID 36045098

  Review

  Review of the evidence on whether sprouting cereals and pseudocereals lowers phytate content and changes the bioaccessibility of the minerals it binds.

• Lignan Content in Cereals, Buckwheat and Derived Foods.

  Durazzo · Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2013 · PMID 28239096

  ReviewFree full text

  Analytical survey quantifying lignan content across cereals, buckwheat and foods derived from them.

• Impact of Rutin and Other Phenolic Substances on the Digestibility of Buckwheat Grain Metabolites.

  Kreft · International journal of molecular sciences · 2022 · PMID 35409281

  ReviewFree full text

  Review of rutin and other phenolic substances in buckwheat grain and how they affect the digestibility of its metabolites.

• Ferulic acid mediates prebiotic responses of cereal-derived arabinoxylans on host health.

  Zhang · Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2022 · PMID 35949987

  ReviewFree full text

  Review of ferulic acid bound to cereal arabinoxylans and the prebiotic responses observed when that substrate reaches the colon.

• Arsenic content and exposure in brown rice compared to white rice in the United States.

  Scott · Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025 · PMID 40018851

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Comparative measurement of arsenic content and estimated dietary exposure in brown rice versus white rice in the United States, reporting higher inorganic arsenic in brown rice, where the bran is retained.

• Assessment of human dietary exposure to arsenic through rice.

  Davis · The Science of the total environment · 2017 · PMID 28233618

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  Review assessing human dietary exposure to arsenic through rice, covering variation by cultivar, growing region and preparation method.

• Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS).

  Mathai · The British journal of nutrition · 2017 · PMID 28382889

  StudyHuman research

  Ileal digestibility measurements in a pig model producing DIAAS values for named dairy and plant proteins, showing the score reclassifies several proteins that PDCAAS truncates to 1.00.

• The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score.

  Schaafsma · The Journal of nutrition · 2000 · PMID 10867064

  ReviewHuman research

  The methods review defining how PDCAAS is calculated, including the truncation rule that caps any protein at 1.00 and the limitations that follow from it.

• Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability.

  Watanabe · Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2007 · PMID 17959839

  ReviewHuman research

  Reference review compiling vitamin B12 content and absorption fractions across meat, fish, dairy and eggs. No stronger study design exists for this question; the absorption percentages in circulation trace back here.

• The effectiveness of leucine on muscle protein synthesis, lean body mass and leg lean mass accretion in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Xu · The British journal of nutrition · 2015 · PMID 25234223

  Meta-analysis

  Meta-analysis of leucine trials in older people reporting effects on fractional muscle protein synthesis rate, lean body mass and leg lean mass.

• Dietary intake of total, animal, and plant proteins and risk of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

  Naghshi · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2020 · PMID 32699048

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  BMJ dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohorts reporting all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality separately for total, animal and plant protein intake.

• Association between red and processed meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a comprehensive meta-analysis of prospective studies.

  Ungvari · GeroScience · 2025 · PMID 40210826

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohorts giving colorectal cancer relative risk per serving of red and processed meat.

• Red meat consumption, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Shi · European heart journal · 2023 · PMID 37264855

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis examining red meat consumption against cardiovascular disease and diabetes outcomes.

• Effects of Collagen Supplements on Skin Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

  Myung · The American journal of medicine · 2025 · PMID 40324552

  Meta-analysis

  Meta-analysis of randomised trials pooling skin hydration, elasticity and wrinkle-depth outcomes following oral collagen supplementation.

• Effect of collagen supplementation on knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

  Simental-Mendía · Clinical and experimental rheumatology · 2025 · PMID 39212129

  Meta-analysis

  Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of collagen supplementation in knee osteoarthritis.

• Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis.

  Zhang · Nutrients · 2020 · PMID 32751304

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis of fish consumption against coronary heart disease incidence in prospective cohorts.

• Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

  Tzang · Nutrition & diabetes · 2024 · PMID 38755142

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials examining taurine supplementation against components of metabolic syndrome.

• Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength gains-a meta-analysis and systematic review.

  Zhang · PeerJ · 2025 · PMID 41328071

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis of randomised trials quantifying muscle strength gains from creatine supplementation.

• The Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Individual and Aggregate Data E-Max Model and Meta-Analysis.

  Rezende · Frontiers in physiology · 2020 · PMID 32922303

  ReviewFree full text

  Bayesian individual-participant-data model of the muscle carnosine response to beta-alanine, giving the dose-response curve and plateau from biopsy measurements.

• Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion.

  Boirie · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1997 · PMID 9405716

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  The leucine-tracer crossover that established the fast/slow protein distinction: whey produced a sharp transient rise in plasma amino acids, casein a prolonged one with greater net protein accretion over the measurement window.

• Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise.

  Witard · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2014 · PMID 24257722

  TrialHuman research

  Randomised trial measuring myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis across increasing whey doses at rest and after resistance exercise.

• Effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, and trimethylamine n-oxide in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

  Aryaeian · Nutrition journal · 2025 · PMID 41146117

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine and trimethylamine N-oxide in adults.

• Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.

  Wang · Nature · 2011 · PMID 21475195

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  The Nature study reporting that gut flora convert dietary phosphatidylcholine to trimethylamine N-oxide, and associating plasma TMAO with cardiovascular events.

• Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging.

  Singh · Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2023 · PMID 37289866

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Science 2023: circulating taurine declined with age in mice, monkeys and humans, and taurine supplementation extended median lifespan in mice.

• Protein Intake and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Coelho-Junior · International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022 · PMID 35886571

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis quantifying the association between protein intake level and sarcopenia prevalence and incidence in older adults.

• Association Between Plant and Animal Protein Intake and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality.

  Huang · JAMA internal medicine · 2020 · PMID 32658243

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  NIH-AARP cohort analysis reporting overall and cause-specific mortality against plant and animal protein intake.

• Global methylmercury exposure from seafood consumption and risk of developmental neurotoxicity: a systematic review.

  Sheehan · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2014 · PMID 24700993

  ReviewFree full text

  WHO systematic review pooling biomarker data on global methylmercury exposure from seafood, relating intake to developmental neurotoxicity risk.

• Total purine and purine base content of common foodstuffs for facilitating nutritional therapy for gout and hyperuricemia.

  Kaneko · Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin · 2014 · PMID 24553148

  ReviewHuman research

  Direct HPLC measurement of total purine and individual purine base content across common foods in mg per 100 g, organ meats included.

• Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

  Li · Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2018 · PMID 30485934

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary factors against gout and hyperuricaemia risk.

• Shellfish allergens: tropomyosin and beyond.

  Faber · Allergy · 2017 · PMID 28027402

  ReviewHuman research

  Review characterising tropomyosin as the dominant crustacean and mollusc allergen, and cataloguing the non-tropomyosin allergens and cross-reactivity with mites and insects.

• A human health risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion among consumers of protein powder supplements.

  Bandara · Toxicology reports · 2020 · PMID 33005567

  StudyFree full text

  Human health risk assessment estimating daily heavy-metal ingestion from measured concentrations in protein powder products against tolerable intake limits. The only formal risk assessment on this question; no pooled evidence exists.

• Bone Broth Unlikely to Provide Reliable Concentrations of Collagen Precursors Compared With Supplemental Sources of Collagen Used in Collagen Research.

  Alcock · International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism · 2019 · PMID 29893587

  Study

  Measured amino acid concentrations in home-prepared and commercial bone broths and found them far below the doses used in collagen supplementation research.

• Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof study.

  Lescinsky · Nature medicine · 2022 · PMID 36216940

  ReviewFree full textContests the consensus

  Burden of Proof analysis rating the strength of evidence linking unprocessed red meat to health outcomes as weak, against the cohort meta-analyses that report the associations.

• Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies.

  Wang · Circulation · 2021 · PMID 33641343

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Two US cohorts plus a meta-analysis of 26 cohorts examining total fruit and vegetable intake against mortality; observational pattern evidence, not a ranking of individual foods.

• Vegetable and Fruit Intake Variety and Cardiovascular Health and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

  Nishi · Nutrients · 2023 · PMID 38068771

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review of fruit and vegetable variety against cardiovascular outcomes, grading much of the available evidence low or very low certainty.

• Systematic Review on the Metabolic Interest of Glucosinolates and Their Bioactive Derivatives for Human Health.

  Costa-Pérez · Nutrients · 2023 · PMID 36986155

  ReviewFree full text

  Systematic review of human studies on glucosinolate and isothiocyanate metabolism and bioavailability from cruciferous foods and preparations.

• Allium vegetable consumption and health: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes.

  Wan · Food science & nutrition · 2019 · PMID 31428334

  ReviewFree full text

  Umbrella review of allium-vegetable research, with an important limitation: much intervention evidence uses concentrated garlic preparations rather than culinary portions.

• Mushroom consumption and cardiometabolic health outcomes in the general population: a systematic review.

  Hong · Nutrition research and practice · 2024 · PMID 38584813

  ReviewFree full text

  Systematic review of mushroom consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes, finding a thin evidence base for most individual outcomes.

• Effects of fungal beta-glucans on health - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

  Vlassopoulou · Food & function · 2021 · PMID 33876798

  Review

  Systematic review of randomised trials of fungal beta-glucans, spanning different organisms, preparations and doses with inconsistent findings for several outcomes.

• Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Umbrella Review of 20 Published Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses.

  Poon · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025 · PMID 40085422

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Umbrella review of dietary-nitrate supplementation and exercise performance; controlled concentrates should not be treated as proof for an ordinary serving of any nitrate-containing vegetable.

• Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition, with an emphasis on bioaccessibility, bioavailability, chemistry, and effects of processing: A systematic review.

  Blikra · Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2022 · PMID 35233943

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review of iodine in brown algae, documenting high variability, generally substantial bioavailability and processing-dependent reductions that may still leave high iodine content.

• Exposure to iodine, essential and non-essential trace element through seaweed consumption in humans.

  Barandiaran · Scientific reports · 2024 · PMID 38871780

  StudyHuman researchFree full text

  Human feeding study measuring iodine and trace-element exposure after nori, kombu and wakame consumption.

• The Effects of Lycopene and Tomato Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults: A Grade Assessment Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

  Zamani · Current pharmaceutical design · 2023 · PMID 37496241

  Meta-analysis

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of lycopene and tomato interventions against cardiovascular risk markers; product and dose vary across trials.

• Effects of Anthocyanins on Cognition and Vascular Function: A Systematic Review.

  Ellis · Molecular nutrition & food research · 2024 · PMID 38961529

  Review

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of anthocyanin interventions examining cognition and vascular function.

• The effects of blueberry and cranberry supplementation on blood pressure in patients with cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

  Delpino · Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2024 · PMID 37963472

  Meta-analysisContests the consensus

  Meta-analysis of blueberry and cranberry supplementation reporting neutral pooled blood-pressure findings, included to prevent one-sided berry claims.

• Effects of Intake of Apples, Pears, or Their Products on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Gayer · Current developments in nutrition · 2019 · PMID 31667463

  ReviewFree full textContests the consensus

  Systematic review of apples, pears and their products in cardiometabolic studies, with mostly neutral randomised-trial findings.

• Consumption of 2 Green Kiwifruits Daily Improves Constipation and Abdominal Comfort-Results of an International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

  Gearry · The American journal of gastroenterology · 2023 · PMID 36537785

  TrialHuman researchFree full text

  Four-week multicentre randomised crossover trial of two green kiwifruits daily for constipation and abdominal comfort; a specific dose and population, not a general fruit promise.

• Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections.

  Williams · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023 · PMID 37947276

  ReviewFree full text

  Cochrane review of cranberry products for urinary-tract-infection prevention in specified susceptible groups; not treatment evidence for an acute infection or generic raw cranberries.

• Effects of Tart Cherry Juice Supplementation on Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

  Daab · Sports medicine - open · 2026 · PMID 41945263

  ReviewFree full text

  Meta-analysis of tart-cherry juice or concentrate around exercise-induced muscle damage, with heterogeneous products and low-to-moderate certainty.

• Grapefruit-drug interactions.

  Seden · Drugs · 2010 · PMID 21142260

  ReviewHuman research

  Clinical pharmacology review of grapefruit interactions with CYP3A4, P-glycoprotein and uptake transporters, emphasising medicine- and person-specific relevance.

• Fermented Foods: Definitions and Characteristics, Impact on the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Gastrointestinal Health and Disease.

  Dimidi · Nutrients · 2019 · PMID 31387262

  ReviewHuman researchFree full textContests the consensus

  Review of common fermented foods and gastrointestinal evidence, concluding that clinical support was very limited for most individual foods.

• The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods.

  Marco · Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2021 · PMID 33398112

  ReviewHuman researchFree full text

  ISAPP consensus defining fermented foods and separating fermentation, live microorganisms and probiotics rather than treating those terms as interchangeable.

• Oral Rehydration Beverages for Treating Exercise-Associated Dehydration: A Systematic Review, Part II. The Effectiveness of Alternatives to Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Drinks.

  De · Journal of athletic training · 2025 · PMID 38116818

  ReviewFree full textContests the consensus

  Systematic review of milk, coconut water and other alternatives to water after exercise; milk findings were very-low certainty and coconut water was not consistently different from water.

• Cocoa Flavanol Intake and Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

  Lin · The Journal of nutrition · 2016 · PMID 27683874

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis of short-term cocoa-flavanol trials examining cardiometabolic biomarkers, with wide variation in dose and product.

• The Health Effects of Chocolate and Cocoa: A Systematic Review.

  Tan · Nutrients · 2021 · PMID 34578786

  ReviewFree full textContests the consensus

  Systematic review finding low-to-moderate-quality, mostly short-duration chocolate and cocoa evidence with many neutral outcomes in healthy participants.

• The Role of Chlorella and Spirulina as Adjuvants of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.

  Pinto-Leite · Nutrients · 2025 · PMID 40289965

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised chlorella and spirulina trials for cardiovascular risk markers; supplement form and quality vary.

• Selenium Accumulation, Speciation and Localization in Brazil Nuts (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.).

  Lima · Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019 · PMID 31426292

  StudyFree full text

  Analytical study showing high and seed-to-seed variable selenium in Brazil nuts and explaining why ordinary portions can approach or exceed intended daily intake.

• Zingiberaceae plants/curcumin consumption and multiple health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials in humans.

  Zhang · Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2022 · PMID 35623903

  Review

  Umbrella review of Zingiberaceae and curcumin trials across many outcomes, noting heterogeneity and the need for higher-quality confirmation.

• Orally consumed ginger and human health: an umbrella review.

  Crichton · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022 · PMID 35147170

  ReviewFree full text

  Umbrella review grading human ginger evidence across outcomes and documenting substantial heterogeneity in formulation and dose.

• Effects of garlic supplementation on components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.

  Fu · BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2023 · PMID 37481521

  Meta-analysisFree full text

  Meta-analysis of garlic-supplement trials in people with metabolic disorders; not direct evidence for an ordinary culinary garlic portion.

• Bee Pollen-Induced Anaphylaxis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

  Choi · Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2015 · PMID 25749764

  StudyFree full text

  Case report and literature review documenting bee-pollen anaphylaxis and cross-reactivity with airborne pollens.

• Relative bioavailability of coumarin from cinnamon and cinnamon-containing foods compared to isolated coumarin: a four-way crossover study in human volunteers.

  Abraham · Molecular nutrition & food research · 2011 · PMID 21462332

  TrialHuman research

  Human crossover study showing coumarin from cinnamon-containing foods is bioavailable, supporting species and serving-size context for cassia cinnamon.