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Evidence
Every published compound class, ordered by how much randomised human evidence exists — weakest first. Classes with none are named.
A randomised controlled trial in humans is the strongest evidence in this index, and for several compound classes there are none at all. That is reported here rather than omitted, because the absence is a finding.
Counts come from PubMed queries run by script, and every figure below links to the query that produced it. A zero means the query returned nothing on the retrieval date — not that a compound has been tested and failed, and not that it is unsafe.
No randomised human trials
Tissue repair research
The indexed literature describes a synthetic pentadecapeptide — a short amino-acid chain — derived from a sequence identified in gastric juice, and reports effects on the signalling behind new blood-vessel growth and on the migration of fibroblasts in laboratory and animal models.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 224 records cited here
Cellular research
The indexed literature describes a small synthetic peptide (a tetrapeptide) studied as a regulator linked to the pineal gland, with reported effects on telomerase expression in laboratory models.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 144 records cited here
Metabolic research
Published reviews describe inhibition of the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) and its role in cellular metabolism. Note that the indexed literature treats this as a small molecule, not a peptide.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 92 records cited here
Metabolic research
The literature describes a synthetic fragment from the tail end (C-terminus) of human growth hormone, investigated on the hypothesis that its fat-breakdown (lipolytic) activity could be separated from its growth-promoting activity.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 23 records cited here
Tissue repair research
The literature describes KPV as the C-terminal tripeptide — a short fragment from the tail end — of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and reports anti-inflammatory activity in laboratory models.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 16 records cited here
Human trials indexed
Neuroactive research
Published work describes an ACTH(4-10) analogue — a modified fragment of the hormone ACTH — and reports effects on the expression of neurotrophic (nerve-supporting) factors.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 230 records cited here
Cellular research
Published reviews describe a small copper-binding peptide (a tripeptide) present naturally in human blood, reporting effects on gene expression and collagen synthesis.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 175 records cited here
Neuroactive research
The literature describes Selank as a synthetic version of tuftsin, a peptide the body makes naturally.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 135 records cited here
Growth axis research
Published pharmacology describes two distinct mechanisms — activation of the GHRH receptor (sermorelin, CJC-1295) and selective activation of the ghrelin receptor (ipamorelin) — both reported to raise growth hormone secretion.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 51 records cited here
Endocrine research
The indexed literature describes a melanocortin receptor agonist (activator) that acts non-selectively, and consists substantially of dermatological case reporting.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 278 records cited here
Metabolic research
Reviews describe MOTS-c as a peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA rather than the cell nucleus, and report activation of the energy-sensing enzyme AMPK and regulation of the folate–methionine cycle in laboratory models.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 247 records cited here
Immune research
Trial reports describe an 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the helix B region of erythropoietin, designed to engage the innate repair receptor without the red-blood-cell-producing (erythropoietic) activity of the parent hormone.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 60 records cited here
Neuroactive research
Reviews describe a small peptide (a nonapeptide) first isolated from blood draining the brain, characterised in relation to sleep regulation.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 518 records cited here
Tissue repair research
Published reviews characterise thymosin β4 as a naturally occurring protein that binds and holds the cell-scaffolding molecule actin, and report effects on cell migration and new blood-vessel growth in wound and heart-injury models.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 1,032 records cited here
Immune research
The literature describes LL-37 as the human cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide, and reports roles in innate immune signalling.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 995 records cited here
Endocrine research
Reviews describe kisspeptin as acting at the KISS1R receptor, sitting upstream of GnRH in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 331 records cited here
Immune research
Published reviews describe a peptide produced naturally by the thymus that modulates the maturation of T cells and the function of dendritic cells, largely through Toll-like receptor signalling.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 310 records cited here
Cellular research
Trials and reviews describe nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside as precursors that feed the NAD+ salvage pathway, with NAD+ then serving as a substrate the sirtuin and PARP enzymes consume.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 102 records cited here
Growth axis research
Reviews describe IGF-I as the main messenger acting downstream of growth hormone, working through the IGF-1 receptor.
Run our exact PubMed query ↗12 of 756 records cited here
Trial registry
Records from ClinicalTrials.gov where one of these compounds is named as an intervention — not merely measured as an outcome. A publication count cannot tell you that a trial was withdrawn before it enrolled anyone, or terminated part-way. This can. Every row links to the registry record.
45 records · 5 halted · 7 classes with none · retrieved 2026-07-21
BPC 157 for Acute Hamstring Muscle Strain Repair
NCT07437547recruitingPhase 2n=120Hudson Biotech
Topical GHK-Cu Gel for Acute Skin Wound Healing
NCT07437586recruitingPhase 2n=60Hudson Biotech
A Study to Evaluate CJC 1295 in HIV Patients With Visceral Obesity
NCT00267527terminatedPhase 2n=120ConjuChem
Phase II Solar Urticaria (SU) Pilot Study
NCT00859534completedPhase 2n=5Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited
MOTS-c for Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Adults With Prediabetes and Overweight/Obesity
NCT07505745recruitingPhase 2n=120Hudson Biotech
ARA290 in T2D (Effects of ARA 290, an Erythropoietin Analogue) in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes)
NCT01933529unknownPhase 2n=24Claes-Göran Östenson
Study of Efficacy of ARA 290 on Corneal Nerve Fiber Density and Neuropathic Symptoms of Subjects With Sarcoidosis
NCT02039687completedPhase 2n=64Araim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Cognitive and Neural Effects of ARA290
NCT02070783completedPhase 1, Phase 2n=36Leiden University Medical Center
The Use of ARA290 for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Oedema
NCT06626971terminatedPhase 2n=9Belfast Health and Social Care Trust
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD
NCT07487363recruitingPhase 1, Phase 2n=80Hudson Biotech
A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteers
NCT00743769withdrawnPhase 1n=0RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.
Intratumoral Injections of LL37 for Melanoma
NCT02225366completedPhase 1, Phase 2n=4M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Efficacy of LL-37 Cream on Bacteria Colonization, Inflammation Response and Healing Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
NCT04098562unknownPhase 2n=40Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia
Elucidating Kisspeptin Physiology by Blocking Kisspeptin Signaling
NCT01438073completedPhase 1n=96Massachusetts General Hospital
Prolonged Pulsatile Kisspeptin Administration in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
NCT04648969completedPhase 2n=18Stephanie B. Seminara, MD
Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
NCT07224438recruitingPhase 2n=20Stephanie B. Seminara, MD
Dampening the Reproductive Axis With Continuous Kisspeptin
NCT05971849completedPhase 1n=8Stephanie B. Seminara, MD
Kisspeptin Administration Subcutaneously to Patients With IHH
NCT05896293recruitingPhase 2n=36Stephanie B. Seminara, MD
Kisspeptin Administration in the Adult
NCT00914823completedPhase 1n=256Massachusetts General Hospital
Kisspeptin in the Evaluation of Delayed Puberty
NCT01438034completedPhase 1n=24Massachusetts General Hospital
Recall by Genotype: Neuropeptide Stimulation
NCT05901467terminatedPhase 1n=16Stephanie B. Seminara, MD
Efficacy and Safety of Anti-PD-1, Thymalfasin, and SOX in Neoadjuvant Treatment of cStage III Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
NCT06461910recruitingPhase 2n=30Zekuan Xu
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Combined With PD-1 Inhibitor and Thymalfasin for pMMR/MSS Locally Advanced Mid-low Rectal Cancer
NCT06056804active not recruitingPhase 2n=20Beijing Friendship Hospital
Thymosin Plus PEG-Interferon in Non-Cirrhotic Hepatitis C Patients Who Did Not Respond to Interferon or Interferon Plus Ribavirin
NCT00040027completedPhase 3n=500SciClone Pharmaceuticals
Experimental Trial of rhIFNα Nasal Drops to Prevent 2019-nCOV in Medical Staff
NCT04320238unknownPhase 3n=2944Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
Thymosin Plus PEG-Interferon in Hepatitis C Patients With Cirrhosis Who Did Not Respond to Interferon or Interferon Plus Ribavirin
NCT00039962completedPhase 3n=500SciClone Pharmaceuticals
Study of Thymosin α1 to Reduce Acute Pneumonia For Bulky None-small Cell Lung Cancer
NCT03659578completedPhase 2n=69Sun Yat-sen University
A Trial of Thymalfasin in Adult Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
NCT00082082completedPhase 2SciClone Pharmaceuticals
Thymalfasin Adjuvant Therapy in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) After Curative Resection
NCT02281266unknownPhase 4n=360Jia Fan
Pharmacodynamics and Tolerance of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN, 400mg/Day) in Healthy Adults
NCT04862338completedNAn=17Seneque SA
Study to Characterize the Pharmacokinetics of 3 Marketed Products Containing 200 mg Guaifenesin in Healthy Volunteers.
NCT03643575completedPhase 1n=30Reckitt Benckiser Inc.
Assessment of Novel Sound Changing Principles in Hearing Instruments to Determine Their Application - 2018_12
NCT03554577completedNAn=15Sonova AG
Preliminary Clinical Study of NMN Intervention in Mild Ulcerative Colitis
NCT06214078unknownNAn=48The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
Acute Effects of Nicotinamide Riboside on Polysomnography-Measured Sleep Structure in Healthy Adults
NCT07284225not yet recruitingNAn=20Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) to Treat Moyamoya-like Cerebrovascular Disease in Smooth Muscle Dysfunction Syndrome (SMDS)
NCT06280482recruitingPhase 1n=15The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
A Study Looking at a New Nerve Surgery to Help Men Regain Erections After Prostate Cancer Surgery
NCT07188064recruitingNAn=100Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital
Investigate the Efficacy of Using NMN to Improve Embryo Development Capacity.
NCT06629636recruitingNAn=60Sunkaky Medical Cooperation
Assessment of Mechanisms of Improved Wound Healing
NCT00673309completedPhase 2, Phase 3n=644The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
Dose Ranging Study of Recombinant Human Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Children With Hyperinsulinism
NCT00004699completedNAn=8Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Using Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Patients With a Heart Attack
NCT01438086completedPhase 1, Phase 2n=47University College Cork
IGF-1 Therapy in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
NCT00566241terminatedPhase 1n=15Stony Brook University
Prepubertal Children With Growth Failure Associated With Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency
NCT00125164completedPhase 3n=137Ipsen
Study of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Patients With Severe Insulin Resistance
NCT00004419completedNAn=18Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Scalp Care Efficacy Evaluation for Premium Revitalizing Elixir
NCT07271212completedNAn=60Hungkuang University
A New Marker for Early Diagnosis of Pneumoperitoneum-Related Acute Kidney Injury: Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)
NCT05612802completedNAn=25Baskent University
No registered trial names these as an intervention: KPV, AOD9604, NNMT inhibitors (5-Amino-1MQ), Epithalon (AEDG), Semax, Selank, Delta sleep-inducing peptide. That is what the registry returns today — it is not a statement that no research exists, and several of these classes do have published preclinical literature indexed above.
Every record behind these figures is browsable in the citation index.
This is a bibliographic and educational resource for research professionals. It is not medical, clinical, or legal advice, and nothing here is a recommendation to use any compound. Peptide research is an evolving field: what the literature contains changes as new work is published. Readers are responsible for evaluating the primary sources themselves and for consulting qualified professionals in their own jurisdiction.